Tribute to Wade Patterson

Introduction. Henry Wade Patterson died in Lakeview, Oregon on 7 October 1997. With his passing we lost not only one of the most significant figures of the health physics profession but a most personable colleague and friend. His career at the University of California, both at Berkeley and Livermore, spanned five decades and he was generally regarded to be the first professional accelerator health physicist. So significant was our loss that more than a dozen local, national and international newspapers, magazines and scientific journals carried obituaries.

A tribute was paid to Wade at the J. Newell Stannard Lectures held in Incline Village, Nevada on 18 April organised by the Northern California and Sierra-Nevada Chapters of the Health Physics Society. Wade had been actively involved with both chapters during his career. At that tribute Wade's name was joined with another of the great personalities of public health Merril Eisenbud who also died last year. Although it might be said that Merril Eisenbud and Wade represent opposite extremes of the spectrum of the great members of our profession - one a learned scholar from Academia, the other a self-trained operational health physicist - it was nevertheless fitting that their names were joined in this way because their paths intersected several times throughout their professional careers and both held a high regard one for the other. Both had been interested in the high natural radiation areas around the world; the energy spectrum of neutrons emerging from the shield of high-energy accelerators; and the limitations in the power of epidemiological studies in understanding the health effects of humans exposed to ionizing radiations.

Now, some nine months since Wade died, it is particularly fitting that we of the Accelerator Section of the Health Physics Society, of which Wade was both a co-founder and first President, pay our own tribute to his memory and career here at this meeting in Minneapolis.

In paying this tribute I cannot be entirely subjective and must declare a special interest. In this matter I cannot be neutral. Wade was a most dear friend. Many years ago at dinner, perhaps after a few glasses of wine, Wade told Mavis, my wife, that he regarded me rather as younger brother than a co-worker. That is a compliment that I have held close to my heart ever since.

Wade as a Young Man. Wade, as he preferred to be known after a favorite uncle, was born to a military family, in 1924, in Bishop, California. During his formative years he traveled widely around the United States with his family as his Father's postings required. During one of these tours of duty Wade was living in Sitka, Alaska where he earned a little pocket money as a tour-guide. One of his "customers" was the well known Ripley of the internationally known news column "Believe it or Not!".

When Wade was teenager his father, a civil engineer, was assigned to assist in the construction of the Post Office in Lakeview, Oregon where Wade attended high school, establishing his love for the Oregon high desert and where he met Lois, his first wife.

As a young man he saw active service during the Second World War with the US Army Air Corps in Europe flying missions over Germany from Northern Italy. Many years later it was often an item of speculation at dinner-table conversations as to whether Wade had bombed the young girl Alvina ("Bizzi") who at that time was growing up in Munich and who was to later became his second wife!

It was about bombing that Wade and I had one of our "discussions". Both my wife, Mavis, and I had experienced bombing from the other end - in London and Portsmouth. I had also seen at first hand the devastation of the allied bombings of Hamburg and Cologne. When I offered the opinion that the accuracy of bombing was poor Wade was miffed with me. I quickly retreated and assured Wade that I was sure he was a most precise bomb-aimer! However, in relating this story to Wade's family this last year, I learned that Wade had once related an amusing anecdote. It seems that during his training somewhere in the mid-West things had not gone according to Hoyle. During target practice Wade had released a bomb and was following its passage down towards the target. He leaned increasingly forward, watching the bomb's descent as the plane flew on, to a point where he brushed the bomb release-mechanism and another- this time errant- bomb sped its way earthwards. How I wish I had known that earlier- I might have got a drink out of Wade on a bet!!

Wade Patterson - University Man. Wade's professional career spanned five decades and was entirely spent at the University of California, first as a labourer and part-time employee at Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory; as an undergraduate at Berkeley where he majored in anthropology and, after graduation, on the staff of the Radiation Laboratory and later in senior management positions at both the Berkeley and the Livermore National Laboratories. As an undergraduate Wade majored in anthropology - surely a felicitous choice for a nascent health physicist! ("The proper study of mankind is man"- Alexander Pope, Essay on Man). In his memoirs he tells us how his imagination was particularly stirred by the lectures of Professor Ronald Olson which "gave Inca and Mayan civilization a startling reality" (Patterson 1995).

He loved the Berkeley campus, with its oases of quiet beauty in the midst of a roaring city. Even today despite the encroachments of ever more "development" one can still find idyllic spots, free of noise and people, where one can refresh the soul by quiet meditation (and one should note - because it is Berkeley - without benefit of marijuana!). Wade admired all that the University could bring to life - its scholarship and intellectual vigour, its melting pot of cultures, its music, its political discourse and social activism. He welcomed controversy and strongly believed that of all places the university was the place for it - where issues could be examined with intelligence, calmly, rationally with the benefit of significant information. In his Memoirs he does reflect sadly and somewhat wistfully in the decline of courtesy in the manner in which controversial debates are now conducted. He compares the polite hearing given to Paul Robeson in the early 1950s with, two decades later, the manner in which William Shockley was not even allowed to enunciate his controversial views by being shouted down. "In Berkeley now" he writes, "those who express views that are different from a certain perceived correct position are rejected immediately, vociferously, decisively and even physically. No activity, ---- is found acceptable if it in any way it is seen to be connected with nuclear energy or weapons".

Not least, he loved the university's athletic competition with its concept of the "student-athlete" as yet untainted by "professionalism". We several times went together to witness that great Bay Area tradition - the Autumnal slaughter in celebration of the vigour of youth known as the "Big Game" between Cal and that other great University, Stanford, just across the bay from Berkeley.

Wade Patterson and Burton Moyer. There was no one who had a greater influence on Wade's professional life than did Burton Moyer as supervisor, mentor, rôle-model and friend. Anyone who would understand Wade must know a little about Burt Moyer.

Professor Moyer was a most distinguished physicist held in high esteem by many eminent scientists. Pief Panofsky regarded him very highly, both as a man and as physicist and has written of him:

"After the war, responsible radiological protection was greatly promoted through the efforts of Burton J. Moyer, who managed to be a highly productive experimental particle-physicist, while taking responsibility for radiological protection" (Panofsky 1994).

Segrè, who was known to be a stern critic, in describing Moyer's career and his decision to take up health physics wrote:

"- - - - -Then papers on Health Physics appeared. Why? To serve his fellow physicists Burt assumed a new, heavy load; the organization and supervision of health physics for the Radiation Laboratory. This work was technically difficult because the radiations were in a new energy region and their measurement and evaluation presented new problems. The work was of vital importance for the safety of his colleagues in the Laboratory. It was a job not coveted by anyone, but as long as Burt was in Berkeley he silently, efficiently and proficiently carried it on" (Segrè 1973).

It was the character, however, of Moyer the Man that most influenced Wade. Moyer was an elder in the Presbyterian Church. Emilio Segrè - who was not a believer and a shrewd and tough judge of human nature - writes:

"- - -- - I have met truly religious people, in whom religion inspired the noblest conduct. Two such saintly men come to my mind. One was a Catholic priest, Don Nello del Raso, - - - - - - -the other was Professor Burton J. Moyer (1912-1973), who was for a time my colleague. As a young man, he had wanted to be a Protestant missionary and trained for that calling, but the war made him into a superior physicist. He worked at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, and in due course played a major part in the discovery of the neutral pion. However, his real desire was to help his fellow men. Moyer became head of the physics department at Berkeley at the time of the worst student unrest, and he was one of a handful of people who managed to gain the confidence of both the administration and of the rebellious students. When things quieted down, he went to India to help in the setting up of a technical institute there. - - - - - I felt deeply attracted to him in spite of our greatly different background." Segrè (1993)

To his students and protégés Moyer became "The Father of Accelerator Health Physics" - a term that I think is now universally accepted. He made many seminal decisions that were to shape the work of accelerator health physicists around the world. Most importantly Moyer emphasized that the physical characterization of the accelerator radiation environment in terms of the type of radiations and their angular and energy distribution was to be preferred in radiation protection at particle accelerators in that it provided an unchanging basis which could be used to interpret the subsequently improving, and thus ever-changing, biological information (Moyer 1952, 1954). He is today often remembered for the "Moyer Model". First used to design the shielding for the improved Bevatron, the model has been "fine-tuned" in some respects and has served in the design of many, many accelerator shields (Moyer 1962). By his establishment of an independent health physics group with which accelerator designers could consult on matters of accelerator radiation safety Moyer set a pattern followed by Accelerator Laboratories around the world. Wade's respect for Burton Moyer influenced his entire career and later inspired Wade to work to establish the Moyer Scholarship. This latter endeavour exemplifies Wade's dogged will and determination. Surprisingly, when the Northern California Chapter made an offer to the Board of the Health Physics Society to fund the Moyer Award as a national scholarship there was resistance. No one understands why. Wade persisted, demolished the politics and today the Moyer Award is one of the most highly regarded awards for education in radiological protection. When Wade set his mind to a goal it was achieved!

Wade Patterson - The Scientist. Wade arrived at the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley ("the Radlab") at the most felicitous of times. Incredibly, despite the enormity of events and long duration of the Second World War, it had only been 14 years since Lawrence and Livingston had first published an account of their invention of the cyclotron. The deflection of accelerator technology to the war effort had proved a great military and political success. These were the days when the heady successes of science were generously supported by a grateful Congress and Nation. Relations with the funding agencies were friendly and conducted with mutual respect. The scientists in the National Laboratories were recognized as experts in their disciplines and as national resources. How different from the confrontational era of the "tiger teams" some forty years later with their display of bureaucratic arrogance, ineffectiveness in achieving the commonsense goal of improving the health and safety of workers and, in many cases, the callous destruction of the reputations and careers of devoted public servants.

One's first impressions on arrival at the Radlab are the glorious and spectacular views from "the hill" as it is fondly known to the Berkeley campus - doubtless unmatched by any National laboratory anywhere in the world.

In 1947 Ernest Lawrence asked Burton Moyer to take responsibility for accelerator radiological safety and Wade was invited to join the new Health Physics Group that he was later to lead from 1965 until 1973.

Wade could draw on eminent scientists for leadership, support and counsel. From the very beginning, even before the Manhattan Project, there had been an interest in the biological consequences of exposure to the radiations produced by the early accelerators. At Berkeley the Lawrence brothers pioneered studies of the radiological effects of radiation using accelerators and many of their colleagues shared this interest. In the late forties and fifties at the Radlab of the University of California was congregated a group of scientists who made significant decisions that greatly influenced the future of our profession. Among others were the Lawrences, of course together with Edward Lofgren; Edwin McMillan; Burton Moyer; Wolfgang Panofsky and Cornelius Tobias. It is natural, therefore, that the "Birthplace of the Cyclotron" should also become the "Birthplace of Accelerator Health Physics".

The Patterson-Moyer group established the model which most accelerator laboratories were to later follow. Some of the group's members will be familiar to many in this audience- Joe McCaslin, Al Smith, Lloyd Stephens and Roger Wallace. This wonderfully diverse mix of able scientists and technicians wasv eminently capable to forging the dreams of the theorists into working instruments so vital to its mission. With such a group of highly motivated and talented people the achievements of the Berkeley Health physics Group became almost legendary.

In 1957, in New York, the first important conference was held on the Shielding of High-Energy Accelerators (Solon 1957). By this time Wade's work at Berkeley had established him as one of the world's experts in the field and he was invited to attend the New York Meeting. Many of those attending were later to become laboratory directors, leaders of accelerator design teams or professional accelerator health physicists and left the New York conference determined not to repeat the radiological safety mistakes made with the design and construction of the early proton synchrotrons, the "Cosmotron" and the "Bevatron".

Pief Panofsky has written a shrewd analysis of the development of the accelerator health physics profession up to about the time of the New York meeting in the following terms:

"During those days (immediately after the Second World War), the principal calculations relating to accelerator radiological protection were more than likely done by the responsible physicists rather than separate specialists. For instance, Norman Ramsey at Harvard University personally did the many of the shielding calculations for the Harvard cyclotron and I had the privilege to calculate electromagnetic shower propagation and the resultant track length for photonuclear processes in shielding for the proposal to construct the Stanford two-mile linear accelerator. But the burden of accelerator radiological protection became sufficiently heavy that specialists were needed; in consequence they were grown from within the accelerator and particle physics communities after the war" (Panofsky 1994).

I believe we can identify the New York meeting as the time when our profession achieved its separate identity and Wade Patterson as the first of the "new breed" that Panofsky describes and thus the first professional health physicist. For the 26 years from 1947 until 1973 Wade was to devote the bulk of his professional energies to the solution of a great number of diverse accelerator radiation problems and in cosequence gained international recognition as an accelerator expert.

A review of Wade's bibliography reveals that, during his tenure at the Radlab, he turned his hand to the solution of a great number of diverse accelerator radiation problems. For example, he was a member of the first team to design and perform high-energy neutron shielding experiments; an entire armory of radiation detectors was developed; the radiation fields of the early cyclotrons and the Bevatron were explored and analyzed. Skyshine was identified and quantified. The relationship between source strength of fast neutrons and the resultant and thermal neutron fluence inside concrete accelerator vaults was theoretically and experimentally explored The radioactivity induced in the concrete of accelerator rooms and its magnitude assessed. In 1966 Wade and his team helped to design and execute the most ambitious accelerator shielding experiment even to this day (Gilbert et al. 1968). The measurements were made at the 28 GeV CERN Proton Synchrotron and so extensive were the data that even now they have not been entirely analyzed. The data-base obtained from this experiment was invaluable to the design of the third generation proton synchrotrons: the 300 GeV SPS at CERN and the 200 GeV FermiLab synchrotron.

At his so-called "retirement" from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Art Toy, Department head of Hazards Control Department said of Wade that during this time he "knew more about accelerator health physics than any other person then alive".

What is not so generally known is that Wade also made his mark in the broader field of radiological protection: some of the first measurements in the "high natural radiation" areas around the world, (India and Egypt); examination of dental radiological procedures with consequent improved protection of the staff and patients; the incidence of cataracts in cyclotron workers; measurement of the energy spectrum of neutrons produced in the Earth's atmosphere; nuclear weapons test fallout studies in the San Francisco Bay Area and the limitations in the power of epidemiological studies in understanding the health effects of humans exposed to ionizing radiations.

One of his more "glamorous" exploits was in the dosimetry for the laboratory simulations of the "eye-flashes" experienced by the Apollo 13 astronauts. In 1969 Edwin Aldrin and the other crew members of the Apollo Lunar Missions reported the observation of "eye-flashes" during flight. These eye-flashes were most frequently observed during part the ill-fated Apollo 13 Mission, when the module lost power and the astronauts were therefore well dark-adapted. Cornelius Tobias had previously speculated that such flashes might be observed and attributed them to the interaction of high-LET particles in the retina. An initial experiment at the 184 inch synchrocyclotron in 1970 in which Tobias exposed his eyes to neutrons supported this hypothesis. Wade as leader of the Health Physics Group was actively involved in determining the dose to the eye and head received by the human subjects.

Whenever a dinner table conversation turned to serious topics such as the great confusion in the quantities and units used in radiological protection Wade loved to tell of an amusing incident during the Apollo 13 experiment. One senior participant, intent on obtaining his own estimate of dose and not entirely trusting the health physicists, appeared with a quartz-fibre electroscope partially immersed in a beaker full of water. After taking a reading in the neutron beam he was heard to ask a colleague- "How many rep does that correspond to?". (For those that miss the point the "rep" (roentgen-equivalent-physical) was a unit of radiation exposure introduced in 1948 and long since abandoned by 1970. As I write this I can hear Wade's belly-laugh as he told this tale.

In 1973 Wade moved to Livermore. Here his responsibilities were more diverse than at Berkeley and largely administrative in character but he ran the large Hazards Control Department there with great aplomb and he was much loved by his staff.

After his official retirement in 1984 Wade remained in harness continuing to work on a variety of projects, bringing to them his broad experience, diligence and his scientific and analytical skills. Most recently, and never afraid of controversy, he was chastising the radiation protection establishment for its poor science and excessively conservative modeling. Characteristically his last significant work was to produce a compilation of radiation dose-effect data that he believed would prove helpful in discussing the scientific basis for the establishment of radiological protection standards (Patterson et al. 1997).

Wade Patterson - the educator. Wade held a deep rooted belief that the Health Physics Profession should hold high standards of competence and integrity and worked tirelessly to this end. He worked steadfastly to establish a certifying board and was one of the first certified health physicists. He took the setting of high professional standards very seriously - working hard on many committees serving as a proctor, setting examinations and sitting on review panels - to establish a sensible and credible examination system. He served as on the American Board of Health Physics from 1968 until 1974 and as Chairman for the last four years.

From 1967 to 1971 Patterson organized the Berkeley Accelerator Health Physics Training Course and over a hundred scientists, mostly from the United States but many from abroad, attended this course. With its cadré of lecturers drawn from the Radlab and invited lectures from accelerator laboratories around the world this course was one of most effective means of widely dispersing the collective experience of accelerator radiation safety. It might be said that most the first generation accelerator health physicists were deeply influenced, directly or indirectly, by this Course. The experience gleaned was distilled into the well-known text "Accelerator Health Physics" published in 1973.

Much later Wade turned his attention to the training of technologists and was highly supportive of the National registry of Radiological Protection Technologists. In recognition of his efforts he was awarded the Arthur F. Humm Jr. Award in 1992.

It was with this interest in the human aspects of our trade that about for years ago Wade Patterson and I embarked on the task of collecting the memories of people who had been engaged in the study of accelerator radiation phenomena, mostly since the end of the Second World War. It was one of most delightful experiences of both our long careers (more than 90 years between us!). Thirty-four accelerator health physicists from around the world generously gave of their time and provided us with a fascinating olio of personal memories; technical and scientific discussion; and historical perspectives.

Professional Man. Patterson was an energetic worker for his profession serving in many senior posts and committees of the US Health Physics Society. He served as President of the Northern California chapter in 1970; he served two terms on the Board, the first in 1966-67 and the second from 1969 until 1972. As Editor-in Chief of the Journal "Health Physics" from 1977-1982 he showed great innovative instinct by introducing a team of Associate Editors. At the time of his death he was serving on the Nominating Committee. For this work he was much honored by the Health Physics Society (Meritorious Performance Award, 1983: Distinguished Achievement Award, 1986); the American Academy of Health Physics (William McAdams Award, 1990), the National Registry of Radiological Protection Technicians, and the US Department of Energy. He was a Fellow of the Health Physics Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Wade Patterson - The Man. If one word described Wade Patterson it would be integrity. He was as good as his word. To some a conservative figure he was in many respects ahead of his time. Through the Health Physics Group at Berkeley passed many students and guests of all countries, race and religions. Wade supported many women in advancing their careers in a male dominated discipline. He did this instinctively - not because of any imposed rules. It was just the human and decent thing to do.

Wade had five children and was immensely proud of them. All are living successful lives: Stephen works for an airline as a cabin attendant; Donald is a surveyor living in Montana and Bruce is a pilot living in Washington. Charles is a professional athlete and Janet the youngest is an hotel manager.

There is an interesting anecdote that is worth telling concerning Janet. When Janet was expected I remember Wade bemoaning his fate to me that, while he had produced four fine sons, all of whom he dearly loved, he nevertheless yearned for a daughter but there was just no chance - the odds were stacked against him! I reminded him that, in the absence of any pathology, that the chance that a baby's being a girl was slightly greater than of being a boy. It was clear that to me that while Wade's mind accepted this argument- he had, after all, taken statistics courses at "Cal" - his heart told him otherwise. Some time later, while our family was on holiday in Pacific Grove, I recall receiving an excited telephone call from Wade, the day after Janet's birth in August 1972. "By Golly, Ralph" he said "you were right, it's a girl!" Wade's respect for the predictions of the binomial distribution deepened enormously at that very moment! Beyond his profession Wade had many facets to his personality and diverse in his interests: His youth had given him a great enthusiasm for travel and he was a mine of information about his native California. He loved the outdoors, no doubt a result of growing up in the Western United States in that majestic and almost painfully beautiful scenery. He had been an enthusiastic hunter; he displayed a keen interest in public affairs and politics and was widely read. There is an amusing anecdote about Wade and his hunting that he told me in Lakeview the last time I saw him. It beats all "the one that got away" stories that I have ever heard. Many years ago, he and Gordon McPeak - a friend from the Radlab - went North to hunt for elk. After many patient hours waiting they saw across the meadow before, and up wind, of them an Elk emerge from the forest and begin a stately walk across their line of fire. Gordon was slightly in front ahead of Wade and got off the first shot. The Elk appeared not to have been harmed. McPeak fired a second shot, again with no apparent effect, and in doing so opened up a shot for Wade. Wade fired and the Elk immediately dropped to its knees. "That's my Elk said Wade!" McPeak wasn't so sure. He walked over to the animal and searched for the fatal bullets. He found two - both his own. "No Wade, your wrong! That's my elk" he said. Wade, unmoved said "Ah but Gordon, I use high velocity bullets. You wouldn't find them in the carcass. The bullet would have passed right through!"

His passion for hunting I never fully understood. I recall in November 1970 my curiosity got the better of me. We were both In Idaho Falls and Wade had arranged to go duck-hunting and fishing at the end of the week. I asked if I could accompany him as an observer feeling decidedly an advocate for the hunted.

The first day we set off Southwest down the Snake River to the American Falls Reservoir, about 60 miles distant. We headed for a "secret fishing spot" known to Jan Cusimano. We fished all day truly without a single bite. Evidently the spot was so secret that even the fish didn't know about it took several months for Jan Cusimano to live that down!! Not deterred by this misadventure the very next day we set off in darkness and drove about 60 miles North near the Camas Wildlife Refuge. Space does not permit a full description of all the antics of duck decoys; bird calls and the like. As the day wore on, hip-high in freezing water I prayed that the day would come to a quick end. It seemed to me that every duck that over flew us took one look at our decoys and veered away at mach 1. In all a total of about five shots were fired all day but alas no bag of ducks to be taken home to be prepared à la orange. By sunset I recall being miserably cold and the best event of the day was a slug of most welcome Jack Daniels from the bottle! With these experiences under my belt my political views changed. I was no longer anti-hunting - I pitied the poor hunters!

The Last Days - For his last years Wade returned to Lakeview, Oregon to spend the last couple of years of his life in that wonderful scenerty of the Oregon high desert. Lakeview is one of those small Western towns that, when you leave, its memory lingers with you. People greet you in the street, look you in the eye and engage you in conversation. People are incredibly friendly. It is what every neighbourhood in every big city should be, but is not. It is small enough to know everyone else's business but if you are in need your neighbours are immediately there to help.

Wade's illness took a rapid course. In January 1997 at the San Jose Meeting of the Health Physics Society Wade complained of back ache- we discussed it and, both being sufferers agreed that "nursing it along" was all that was needed.

Later that year in July in San Antonio Wade was in some pain and had to cancel appointments. Mavis and I left for England for all of August and when we returned there was an E-mail message waiting. Wade was seriously ill with metastatic cancer of the spine.

When the facts of his medical condition were clear to him Wade declined radical therapy because in his case success was problematical.

A couple of months before is death he sent some of us a letter "running his colours up the flagpole" or, if you will, his version of Martin Luther's "Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir". In it he stated clearly and succinctly his views on those aspects of life we hold to be most important. He knew exactly where he stood and in what he believed. He was a Presbyterian and a Republican. His life had been good and he was extremely proud of his career and family. He was clear headed and knew what he faced. May God give us all similar grace when our time comes.

He faced his last painful weeks calmly, in a matter of fact manner and with great courage. During this difficult time the support of his family and many friends was a source of great comfort to him.

Mavis and I traveled up to see him on the 23 and 24 September. He was frail but in good spirits and was able to talk with us for an hour or so at a time. We saw him twice. It was a great comfort to know that he was in a wonderfully caring annex to the local hospital with a calm and serene atmosphere. We talked of the good times, had a few laughs and left with tears in our eyes.

Wade died in Lakeview on 7 October 1997.

Wade is survived by his five children Stephen; Donald; Bruce; Charles and Janet and by four grandchildren. With his passing the Health Physics Profession lost one of its most significant figures. We shall not see his like again.

Postscript. Several of Wade's friends from Berkeley and Livermore drove the 400 miles up to Lakeview to attend the funeral on 17 October. The next day in a somber mood Mavis and I headed home. We turned South at Burney through Lassen National Park. Winter was on its way. There had been a fresh fall of snow and the snow crept right up to the roadside. The windward side of Lassen was blanketed white, its bulk set against a clear blue sky. The bright sunlight shone through the golden aspens with their leaves shaking in the breeze. If there is a Paradise this must be very much like it. We drove on listening to Fauré's glorious and optimistic requiem and thought of Wade.

Pie Jesu, Domine
Dona eis requiem:
Dona eis requiemsempiternam

Father's Day
21 June 1998

References.
University of California Radiation Laboratory. "Shooting Stars seen in LRL neutron beam". The Magnet 15 (9), 3-5, 1970.
Gilbert, W.S. et al. (1968) *"1966 CERN-LRL-RHEL Shielding Experiment at the CERN Proton Synchrotron", Lawrence Radiation Laboratory report, UCRL-17941, September 1968.
Moyer, B. J. Survey Methods for Fast- and High-Energy Neutrons. Nucleonics 10(5): 14-19; 1952.
Moyer, B. J. Neutron Physics of Concern to the Biologist. Radiat. Res. 1:10-22; 1954.
Moyer, B. J. Method of Calculating the Shielding Enclosure for the Berkeley Bevatron. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Shielding of Large Accelerators, Paris, 1962. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962.
Panofsky, W. K. H. Foreword. In: Patterson, H. W. and Thomas, R. H. (eds.). The History of Accelerator Radiation Protection. Ashford, Kent: Nuclear Technology Publishing, 1994: viii-x.
Patterson, H. W. and Thomas, R. H. (eds.). The History of Accelerator Radiation Protection. Ashford, Kent: Nuclear Technology Publishing, 1994.
Patterson, H. W. "My Life and Times" - a Personal Memoir (1995 unpublished).
Patterson, H. W., Hickman, D. P. and Altman, S. M. "A New Biblography of Recent Radiation Dose Efects Data" Lawrence Livermore National laboratory Prepriny UCRL-JC-128325 September 1997. Submitted to Health Physics.
Segrè, E. Eulogy given on the Berkeley Campus, University of California, 1973.
Segrè, E. A Mind Always in Motion: the autobiography of Emilio Segrè. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Solon, L. E. ed. Proceedings of the Conference on Shielding of High-Energy Accelerators, New York, April, 1957. USAEC Report TID-7545; 1957.

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